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1.锟斤拷锟絅锟絙锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絙锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絅锟斤拷,锟斤拷
16s rRNA锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷N锟絙锟斤拷锟斤拷锟狡度筹拷锟絕97%一锟姐定锟絰锟斤拷同一锟絅锟斤拷锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絪anger锟統锟斤拷@锟斤拷16s全锟絃锟侥讹拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絙锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絅,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟杰區(q锟斤拷)锟街侊拷锟絅,锟斤拷锟斤拷些锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷只锟斤拷1锟斤拷16s锟斤拷锟叫ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷1-15锟斤拷貝锟斤拷16s锟斤拷锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟皆嗭拷一锟斤拷16s锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絙锟斤拷锟斤拷锟杰曪拷锟斤拷锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)偏锟斤拷,锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟矫革拷通锟斤拷锟斤拷454锟斤拷miseq锟統锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟絃锟侥撅拷锟绞ｏ拷通锟斤拷只锟斤拷300-500锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紸锟斤拷锟斤拷锟統锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷N锟絙锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷^锟缴匡拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟杰凤拷類碉拷锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟杰凤拷類碉拷锟絅锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷(j锟斤拷)锟揭傦拷锟侥斤拷(j锟斤拷ng)锟,锟斤拷锟斤拷同锟侥橈拷品锟斤拷锟叫达拷s10-50锟侥撅拷锟杰凤拷類碉拷锟絅,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟铰的凤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟揭傦拷锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷也锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷16s rRNA锟斤拷群锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷愿锟酵拷y锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷(j锟斤拷)锟組锟叫侊拷锟絅锟斤拷锟絜锟侥凤拷锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷16s锟叫癸拷同變锟斤拷锟斤拷SNP位锟絚锟組锟叫凤拷锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟紷锟接匡拷锟皆达拷锟斤拷锟竭撅拷锟絅锟侥凤拷類撅拷锟饺ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷些锟斤拷锟斤拷之锟絞锟斤拷锟酵差異锟睫达拷臅r锟斤拷,锟斤拷
2.锟斤拷锟絅锟絙锟斤拷锟侥凤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絅锟絙锟斤拷之前,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟絖锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絙锟斤拷锟侥撅拷锟絅锟角诧拷锟角硷拷锟絅锟斤拷锟紷也锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷要锟斤拷一锟斤拷 ,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絅锟斤拷锟斤拷锟角诧拷锟斤拷锟矫碉拷锟斤拷锟絖锟侥結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟矫碉拷锟叫兩種
| 锟斤拷锟斤拷 |
原锟斤拷 |
锟斤拷(y锟斤拷u)锟絚 |
缺锟絚 |
锟斤拷锟斤拷 |
| 平锟藉劃锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷 |
锟窖伙拷锟絪锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟轿拷锟斤拷锟斤拷同一微锟斤拷锟斤拷群锟絯锟叫的诧拷同锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟矫接種锟絟(hu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷平锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紹(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷,锟斤拷通锟絕锟街區(q锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷稀釋讹拷锟矫碉拷锟絕锟洁獨锟斤拷锟街诧拷锟侥單傦拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷(j锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟紹(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絃锟斤拷殖锟缴單撅拷锟戒，通锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紷锟絅锟轿撅拷锟戒當(d锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰微锟斤拷锟斤拷募锟斤拷N |
锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絕锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷暇锟斤拷M锟叫凤拷锟絰 |
锟斤拷锟斤拷計锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷),锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节從撅拷锟絅锟侥凤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷 |
锟結锟絰锟斤拷锟絚锟経锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絅,锟斤拷 |
| 稀锟酵匡拷锟狡斤拷宸 |
锟斤拷锟斤拷液锟組锟斤拷一系锟叫碉拷锟捷讹拷稀锟,锟斤拷然锟襟將诧拷同稀釋度的撅拷液锟街別涂锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷脂锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷锟紹(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟侥憋拷锟芥，锟組锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紹(y锟斤拷ng),锟斤拷锟斤拷稀釋讹拷锟斤拷锟竭的撅拷液锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟桔硷拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟轿拷锟斤拷飳拷锟斤拷锟缴拷蓡蝹锟斤拷锟(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥讹拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紹(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟轿成單傦拷锟侥撅拷锟斤拷,锟斤拷 |
锟斤拷锟斤拷計锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷),锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絕锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟,锟斤拷 |
锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絕锟劫ｏ拷锟絕锟介煩,锟斤拷平锟藉不锟斤拷锟斤拷效锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟接★拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷平锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紹(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟侥伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷計锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷),锟斤拷 |
锟統锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷水锟叫达拷锟絚锟経锟斤拷锟侥猴拷锟斤拷,锟斤拷 |
锟斤拷锟絅锟絙锟斤拷锟侥凤拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟叫筹拷規(gu锟斤拷)锟絙锟斤拷锟酵凤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷W(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷
锟斤拷1锟斤拷锟斤拷規(gu锟斤拷)锟絙锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟轿態(t锟斤拷i)锟絕锟届、锟斤拷锟絤锟斤拷染色,锟斤拷锟斤拷毛染色,锟斤拷锟斤拷類分解實驗、锟斤拷锟结實锟,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷水锟解實锟,锟斤拷V-P锟斤拷驗、锟阶伙拷锟絫锟斤拷锟,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絵锟斤拷锟矫岋拷锟,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絵還原锟斤拷驗、锟斤拷锟絴酶锟斤拷锟斤拷
锟斤拷2锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷W(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷16SrDNA锟斤拷锟絅锟絙锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷取DNA,锟斤拷锟截讹拷锟斤拷锟斤拷PCR锟経锟斤拷,锟斤拷PCR锟絘(ch锟斤拷n)锟斤純锟斤拷锟統锟斤拷锟組锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟18S rDNA/ITS锟斤拷锟絅锟絙锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷也锟斤拷一锟接碉拷,锟斤拷
3.锟侥獻锟斤拷未知锟斤拷锟絙锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫撅拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絕锟届，锟斤拷什么锟斤拷指锟斤拷锟矫何種锟斤拷锟紹(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紹(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷B(t锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟斤拷,锟斤拷液锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紹(y锟斤拷ng)锟絣锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絩锟絃锟斤拷锟截度ｏ拷,锟斤拷
锟斤拷同锟斤拷偷木锟斤拷诓锟酵拷锟斤拷B(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紷锟斤拷锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紷色锟斤拷锟紹(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟较ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷一目锟斤拷然,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟給锟斤拷锟叫讹拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷未知锟斤拷锟給锟斤拷锟絖锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥種锟斤拷锟紹(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絃锟矫ｏ拷锟皆硷拷锟斤拷锟絃锟絣锟斤拷锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷食品锟斤拷全锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟截檢锟铰诧拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷z锟斤拷欠锟斤拷锌锟斤拷c锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟阶凤拷锟斤拷,锟斤拷42锟饺ｏ拷微锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絣锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絕锟斤拷锟絤,锟斤拷還要锟斤拷锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷未知锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟杰帮拷锟紷些锟絣锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絃試一锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟揭傦拷锟侥凤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷全锟矫營锟紹(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷脂锟斤拷锟紹(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷l锟斤拷锟铰诧拷锟絃,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟劫岋拷锟揭伙拷聟锟斤拷锟斤拷l锟斤拷,锟斤拷35锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紹(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟絩锟絞锟斤拷锟絃锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絤锟斤拷锟侥撅拷锟斤拷锟斤拷.
4.锟斤拷锟絅锟絃锟絩锟絞锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(f锟斤拷)锟終,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷b锟斤拷锟叫沒锟叫革拷變,锟斤拷
(1).锟叫硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟絕锟斤拷尉锟斤拷锟斤拷锟轿態(t锟斤拷i)锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絕該锟轿撅拷锟斤拷锟絚目锟侥撅拷锟轿撅拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟竭诧拷锟斤拷目锟侥撅拷锟斤拷锟叫碉拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絕锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟叫撅拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷袛锟,锟斤拷
(2).锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷p锟斤拷锟叫旓拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絟锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟16sRNA锟侥伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟組锟叫測锟津，測锟斤拷Y(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絚锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟叫旓拷(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷(j锟斤拷)锟組锟叫比岋拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷系锟統(t锟斤拷ng)锟組锟斤拷锟絣(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟紷锟接匡拷锟皆撅拷锟絖锟斤拷锟叫旓拷锟斤拷锟斤拷欠锟絣(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷變锟斤拷
5.微锟斤拷锟斤拷木锟斤拷N锟絙锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絙锟斤拷锟斤拷"锟斤拷"一锟斤拷锟斤拷,锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟饺伙拷锟斤拷蟹锟斤拷x锟矫碉拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷只锟斤拷锟絙锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絅锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絙锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷俸锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟较碉拷募锟(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟叫區(q锟斤拷)锟絜,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷一些锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絙锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絣(f锟斤拷)锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷某一锟疥細(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷一模一锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷也锟絔锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絝锟斤拷募锟(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟疥細(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷悴伙拷锟斤拷馨锟斤拷锟斤拷械锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷辏拷锟斤拷锟斤拷之锟絞锟斤拷锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)系锟斤拷锟洁當(d锟斤拷ng)锟节诧拷同锟斤拷锟斤拷之锟絞锟斤拷锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)系,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟较诧拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷全锟斤拷同锟侥兩傦拷锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷知锟斤拷锟斤拷募锟(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷某一锟疥細(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟経锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟紺锟絔锟斤拷變锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷t锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟疥）,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紷锟接就沒锟斤拷要锟絙锟斤拷锟斤拷,锟斤拷
6.PCR锟経锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絲锟斤拷锟斤拷锟統锟斤拷锟斤拷F(xi锟斤拷n)锟阶凤拷锟斤拷什么锟斤拷r锟斤拷
(1)锟統锟斤拷Y(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絜锟紸锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)N,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟竭诧拷锟斤拷锟紹锟絤(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟阶凤拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟缴撅拷锟絅rDNA锟斤拷锟紹(t锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟斤拷桑锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷N锟絙锟斤拷锟給影锟,锟斤拷
(2)锟斤拷锟叫測锟津反戯拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷e锟阶凤拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节客戯拷锟结供锟斤拷品模锟藉不锟斤拷锟斤拷桑锟斤拷@锟絅锟斤拷r锟斤拷要锟酵戯拷锟斤拷锟铰硷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絅锟斤拷锟組锟斤拷TA锟斤拷隆锟斤拷
7.锟斤拷規(gu锟斤拷)锟絙锟斤拷锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷袛锟斤拷锟絅锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷,锟斤拷
(1).锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絕锟届：锟斤拷(y锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絅锟斤拷锟絲锟斤拷祝锟斤拷q锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟街夛拷锟杰硷拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絃锟斤拷锟絉锟斤拷锟劫度匡拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷味锟斤拷锟,锟斤拷
(2).锟斤拷(y锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絅锟斤拷(bi锟斤拷o)锟斤拷(zh锟斤拷n)锟缴歸锟絳锟介："锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟窖★拷锟斤拷"锟藉個锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟絲锟斤拷r,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絖瓶锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥撅拷锟絅瓶锟叫诧拷取锟斤拷小锟終锟斤拷锟絲锟絯,锟斤拷锟絕锟斤拷色锟斤拷,锟斤拷聞锟斤拷锟轿讹拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷蠅K锟絲锟斤拷锟戒含水锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟角凤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟揭拷锟斤拷(bi锟斤拷o)锟斤拷(zh锟斤拷n),锟斤拷
(3).锟紷微锟絉锟絲锟介：锟斤拷取锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絲锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紷微锟絉锟斤拷锟絕锟斤拷锟斤拷锟轿態(t锟斤拷i),锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絲锟斤拷枝,锟斤拷锟街革拷锟斤拷r锟斤拷锟絠锟斤拷聯(li锟斤拷n)锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷膜锟侥猴拷,锟斤拷 锟斤拷锟紹(y锟斤拷ng)锟絕锟届：锟侥撅拷锟絅瓶锟斤拷锟斤拷取小锟終锟斤拷锟絲锟絯锟斤拷锟接種斜锟斤拷試锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紹(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷23锟芥～25锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紹(y锟斤拷ng),锟斤拷锟斤拷(j锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟杰猴拷z锟斤拷锟斤拷N锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷z锟斤拷锟絃锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷盛锟斤拷一,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟窖濓拷锟斤拷L锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絉,锟斤拷锟絫锟斤拷示锟斤拷锟絅锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷,锟斤拷
(4).锟街塊锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟较凤拷一锟斤拷锟阶硷拷锟斤拷锟窖撅拷锟絞锟斤拷同锟侥撅拷锟絅锟斤拷瓶锟斤拷(n锟斤拷i)取锟斤拷一锟斤拷K,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟街分筹拷2锟終,锟斤拷锟劫帮拷2锟終锟街筹拷4锟終锟斤拷4锟終 锟街筹拷8锟終,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟組锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絅锟斤拷锟終锟洁，锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟接次撅拷锟斤拷锟終锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟洁。
(5).液锟絯锟斤拷锟絅锟絙锟絜锟斤拷锟斤拷(d锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷瓶锟斤拷l(f锟斤拷)锟酵革拷锟斤拷锟紹(y锟斤拷ng)3-7锟斤拷锟,锟斤拷锟斤拷液锟斤拷锟斤拷F(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟絘(ch锟斤拷n)锟斤拷"锟斤拷皮"锟斤拷锟斤拷锟饺現(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟絝锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絅锟斤拷 锟巾帶锟斤拷锟絪锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷K锟较革拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絫锟絫锟絃锟斤拷锟杰憋拷锟侥撅拷锟絲锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟絫锟絝锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絅锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟阶塊锟斤拷锟杰的撅拷锟絲锟斤拷锟絃锟届、锟斤拷锟,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絅锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)锟紹锟接ｏ拷
锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷16S rDNA锟斤拷锟絅锟絙锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟18S rDNA/ITS锟斤拷锟絅锟絙锟斤拷
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